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Showing posts with label Oppressive Government. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Oppressive Government. Show all posts
Friday, July 12, 2013
Oppressive Government Neglects Important Documents
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Sir Edmund Andros was sent over as governor of Virginia in February of 1692. His first unpleasant act was to overthrow the design of the ports and towns when the dissatisfied London merchants complained against the plan. Also he had the issue of the college charter for which subscriptions had been made. A duty was placed upon the exportation of skins and furs, for the more plentiful college endowment, and the foundation of the college was laid. Sir Andros was a great encourager of manufactures. The former business of the colony had been neglected, where many original land patents, records of deeds of land and other matters of great consequence, were thrown loose about the office. Documents were dirtied, torn and eaten by moths and other insects. Sir Andros immediately directed a reform of business and caused the old and torn documents to be transcribed. But almost as soon as this project was complete, these conveniences were burnt, along with the State House, in October of 1698. Apparently, this governor had exhibited great improvements. He made several efforts to rebuild the State House in the same area. During that time, Sir Edmund was in the country in Stafford County and called upon a poor man's house for water. There came out to him an elderly woman and with her a lively brisk lad of about twelve years of age. His excellency questioned the lad who told him that he was the son of that elderly woman. His excellency, smiling at the improbability, enquired what sort of man had been his father? To this, the good man made no reply, but instantly ran and led her husband to the door, who was then above 100 years of age. He confirmed all that the woman had said about the lad. The governor was so impressed that he left them 20 pounds.
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Thursday, July 11, 2013
Oppressive Government Reverses Rules
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In 1690, Francis Nicholson, Esquire, (pictured) was appointed as lieutenant governor under Lord Effingham, and realizing how unhappy the colonists were under the despotic regime of Effingham, discoursed freely of country improvements and public exercises for which prizes were presented. He designed a college which called for an assembly under Lord Effingham. When that could not be obtained, Nicholson proposed that a subscription might pass through the colony, to try the humor of the people in general, and see what voluntary contributions they could get towards it. Effingham granted this request, and made generous contributions to the cause. The following year, Rev. James Blair was sent as their agent to England to solicit the king's charter for it. His majesty was well pleased with the pious design of the plantation and granted a charter as well as two thousand pounds sterling towards the founding of a college. Governor Nicholson, in his first assembly on the matter, passed acts for the encouragement of the manufacture of linen, the promotion of the leather trade and shoe making. But before the next assembly met, he reversed himself. Instead of encouraging towns and ports, he spread abroad his dislike of them and went among the people finding fault.
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Wednesday, July 10, 2013
Oppressive Government, the Perch of Pride
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Lord Howard created a new court of chancery from the general district court and erected himself as lord chancellor, taking the gentlemen of the council to sit with him as mere associates and advisers, not having any vote in the causes before them. Not wishing to convene in the State House, he took the dining-room of a large house for that use. From this perch, he established a table of fees peculiar to this high court. However, he soon left the country and the jurisdiction returned to the general court again, with Colonel Nathaniel Bacon as president.
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Lord Howard created a new court of chancery from the general district court and erected himself as lord chancellor, taking the gentlemen of the council to sit with him as mere associates and advisers, not having any vote in the causes before them. Not wishing to convene in the State House, he took the dining-room of a large house for that use. From this perch, he established a table of fees peculiar to this high court. However, he soon left the country and the jurisdiction returned to the general court again, with Colonel Nathaniel Bacon as president.
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Tuesday, July 9, 2013
Oppressive Government Inflicts Duties
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The oppressive regime of Lord Howard continued despite the complaints. During the first session of assembly in his time, a duty upon liquors imported from other English plantations was first imposed. It was presented as a levy by the poll for the payment of public taxes and to rebuild the State House in Jamestown, which had been burned during Bacon's rebellion in 1676. This duty was first laid on wine and rum only at the rate of three pence per gallon, with an exemption of all such as should be imported in the ships of Virginia Owners. But it was not long after when the duty also included all other liquors. Four pence per gallon was placed on wine and rum, and one penny per gallon on beer, cider and lime-juice and the privilege of Virginia owners was taken away. Again, shipping and home-trade was discouraged.
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The oppressive regime of Lord Howard continued despite the complaints. During the first session of assembly in his time, a duty upon liquors imported from other English plantations was first imposed. It was presented as a levy by the poll for the payment of public taxes and to rebuild the State House in Jamestown, which had been burned during Bacon's rebellion in 1676. This duty was first laid on wine and rum only at the rate of three pence per gallon, with an exemption of all such as should be imported in the ships of Virginia Owners. But it was not long after when the duty also included all other liquors. Four pence per gallon was placed on wine and rum, and one penny per gallon on beer, cider and lime-juice and the privilege of Virginia owners was taken away. Again, shipping and home-trade was discouraged.Join $30 to subscribe for 3 months to Virginia Pioneers and read old wills on line. Easy.
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Monday, July 8, 2013
Oppressive Government: Seal Money
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In 1684, Francis, Lord Howard of Effingham (1682-92, pictured), was sent over as governor of the colony of Virginia. In order to increase is perquisites, he imposed the charge of an annual under seal of twenty shillings each for school masters; five pounds for lawyers at the general court, and fifty shillings each lawyer at the county courts. He also extorted an excessive fee for putting the seal to all probates of wills and letters of administrations, even when the estates of the deceased were of the meanest value. Neither could any be favored with such administration or probate without paying that extortion. If anyone presumed to remonstrate against it, his lordship's behavior towards that man was very severe. He kept several persons in prison and confined, from court to court, without bringing them to trial. Complaints were made to the king of his oppressive behavior and Colonel Ludwell was appointed the agent to appear against him in England. This resulted in the seal-money being taken off.
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In 1684, Francis, Lord Howard of Effingham (1682-92, pictured), was sent over as governor of the colony of Virginia. In order to increase is perquisites, he imposed the charge of an annual under seal of twenty shillings each for school masters; five pounds for lawyers at the general court, and fifty shillings each lawyer at the county courts. He also extorted an excessive fee for putting the seal to all probates of wills and letters of administrations, even when the estates of the deceased were of the meanest value. Neither could any be favored with such administration or probate without paying that extortion. If anyone presumed to remonstrate against it, his lordship's behavior towards that man was very severe. He kept several persons in prison and confined, from court to court, without bringing them to trial. Complaints were made to the king of his oppressive behavior and Colonel Ludwell was appointed the agent to appear against him in England. This resulted in the seal-money being taken off.Join $30 to subscribe for 3 months to Virginia Pioneers and read old wills on line. Easy.
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Sunday, July 7, 2013
Oppressive Government Causes Hardships
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During 1663 various sectaries in religion began to spread across the colony. Great restraints were placed upon them, under severe penalties, to prevent their increase. It was mandatory to attend service (the Church of England) and to pay an annual tithe in tobacco. Thus, families removed to neighboring colonies. The poor people were uneasy as their murmurings were watched and fed by several mutinous and rebellious Olivernan soldiers that were sent into the colony as servants. A plot to destroy their masters and set up for themselves resulted. One conspiracy was discovered by Birkenhead, a servant of Mr. Smith of Purton in Gloucester County, for a meeting to occur near Poplar Spring to put into execution a horrid conspiracy. Notice was sent to the governor at Green Spring, and he had the members of the group seized as they met on the road. Four were hanged. The news of this conspiracy was sent to King Charles II, whereupon his majesty ordered that a fort be built at Jamestown for the security of the governor, but the country, thinking that the danger over, only raised a battery of some small pieces of cannon. Once again an act of Parliament in England laid more severe restraints upon the supplies sent to the colony. By this act they could have no foreign goods which were not first landed in England and carried directly to the plantations (but they limited the supplies!). This act cut with a double-edge sword. First, it reduced their staple of tobacco to a very low price, and secondly, it raised the value of European goods to what the merchants pleased to be put upon them.
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Saturday, July 6, 2013
Oppressive Government Regulates
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Promise them a figleaf (goodwill) and they take away your prospects of success. Such was the acts of Parliament against the colony. So now we have the players in this oppressive game. Charles II (pictured) who was happy for the support of the Virginia colonists but ignored their needs, Sir William Berkeley, a royalist in every degree, who carried out the orders that the Church of England was the established religion, parishes regulated, and in general, the business of colonization. For the support of the government, a duty was imposed of two shillings perhogshead on all tobaccos, one shilling per ton port duty on shipping, and the collectors were obliged to account for the same to the general assembly. The king had commanded that all ships trading to Virginia should go to Jamestown, and there enter before they broke bulk. In other words, before unloading, settle the duties to be paid. However, the assembly rescinded that command, except for the James River ships, because of its impracticality. Other players were the Indians who frequently raided the colonists, culminating with the 1622 massacre where they sought to murder all Englishmen.
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Promise them a figleaf (goodwill) and they take away your prospects of success. Such was the acts of Parliament against the colony. So now we have the players in this oppressive game. Charles II (pictured) who was happy for the support of the Virginia colonists but ignored their needs, Sir William Berkeley, a royalist in every degree, who carried out the orders that the Church of England was the established religion, parishes regulated, and in general, the business of colonization. For the support of the government, a duty was imposed of two shillings perhogshead on all tobaccos, one shilling per ton port duty on shipping, and the collectors were obliged to account for the same to the general assembly. The king had commanded that all ships trading to Virginia should go to Jamestown, and there enter before they broke bulk. In other words, before unloading, settle the duties to be paid. However, the assembly rescinded that command, except for the James River ships, because of its impracticality. Other players were the Indians who frequently raided the colonists, culminating with the 1622 massacre where they sought to murder all Englishmen.Join $30 to subscribe for 3 months to Virginia Pioneers and read old wills on line. Easy.
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Friday, July 5, 2013
An Oppressive Government Suspends Trade
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Upon the execution of King Charles I and the take-over of the English government by Oliver Cromwell as the Protectorate, the first thing which he did was to suspend trade to and from the plantations. The colonies without representation in Parliament, were indeed the "on the plantation" of political factions. This was but another form of slavery, endured early in the birth of the Virginia economy. Cromwell had "the inhumanity to forbid them all manner of trade and correspondence with other nations, at a time when England itself was in distraction, and could neither take off their commodities, nor supply them sufficiently with its own." During the interim, Governor Mathews of Virginia died, and no person was substituted to succeed him. The colonists appealed to Sir William Berkeley (pictured) for help. Berkeley, having an unshaken loyalty towards the royal family, told them that he could not approve of the Procetor;s rule and was resolved never to serve anybody but the lawful heir to the crown; and that if he accepted the government, it should be upon their solemn promise to venture their lives and fortunes for the king, who was then in France. This was no great obstacle to them, and they agreed to hazard all for the king. Thereupon, Sir Berkeley proclaimed Charles II as kiing of England, Scotland, Frances, Ireland and Virginia and caused all process to be issued in his name. So it was that King Charles II was actually the king of Virginia before he was king of England. Such a loyalty bore fruit for Sir Berkeley, as he was restored all of his commissions and was able to send a deputy to Virginia to act in his absence. So, Sir Berkeley appointed Colonel Francis Morrison as his deputy Governor, and went to England to wait on his majesty. Upon his return to Virginia, Berkeley carried his majesty's instructions for encouraging the people in husbandry and manufactures, and especially to promote silk and the vineyards. There is a tradition that the king, in compliment to the colony, wore at his coronation a robe made of the silk that was sent from Virginia. But that was all the reward that the colony received because Parliament then renewed the act for discouraging the plantations in trade and correspondence, enacting even severer restraints and prohibitions by bonds and securities.
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Upon the execution of King Charles I and the take-over of the English government by Oliver Cromwell as the Protectorate, the first thing which he did was to suspend trade to and from the plantations. The colonies without representation in Parliament, were indeed the "on the plantation" of political factions. This was but another form of slavery, endured early in the birth of the Virginia economy. Cromwell had "the inhumanity to forbid them all manner of trade and correspondence with other nations, at a time when England itself was in distraction, and could neither take off their commodities, nor supply them sufficiently with its own." During the interim, Governor Mathews of Virginia died, and no person was substituted to succeed him. The colonists appealed to Sir William Berkeley (pictured) for help. Berkeley, having an unshaken loyalty towards the royal family, told them that he could not approve of the Procetor;s rule and was resolved never to serve anybody but the lawful heir to the crown; and that if he accepted the government, it should be upon their solemn promise to venture their lives and fortunes for the king, who was then in France. This was no great obstacle to them, and they agreed to hazard all for the king. Thereupon, Sir Berkeley proclaimed Charles II as kiing of England, Scotland, Frances, Ireland and Virginia and caused all process to be issued in his name. So it was that King Charles II was actually the king of Virginia before he was king of England. Such a loyalty bore fruit for Sir Berkeley, as he was restored all of his commissions and was able to send a deputy to Virginia to act in his absence. So, Sir Berkeley appointed Colonel Francis Morrison as his deputy Governor, and went to England to wait on his majesty. Upon his return to Virginia, Berkeley carried his majesty's instructions for encouraging the people in husbandry and manufactures, and especially to promote silk and the vineyards. There is a tradition that the king, in compliment to the colony, wore at his coronation a robe made of the silk that was sent from Virginia. But that was all the reward that the colony received because Parliament then renewed the act for discouraging the plantations in trade and correspondence, enacting even severer restraints and prohibitions by bonds and securities.Join $30 to subscribe for 3 months to Virginia Pioneers and read old wills on line. Easy.
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